osteonecrosis. myasthenia. Test. Medical Definition of intercostal muscle. a woman's reproductive history: 2 full-term infants, 0 preterm, 1 abortion, 2 living children. rounded, knuckle-like process at the joint. Write. Skeletal System. Full PDF Package Download Full PDF Package. On the other hand, an infection of the bone behind your ear often causes intense throbbing pain and local redness/swelling just behind the ear. ... Also known as the “gums: it is the soft tissue that lies around the upper and lower teeth and over the upper and lower alveolar bone . The medical term for the ear drum is the tympanic membrane. 8) The shaft of a long bone is called a (an) diaphysis. the five bones of the palm of the hand. occipital bone. Start studying medical terminology chapter 7 full words. Medical term for pertaining to below the kneecap. Quizlet.com the five bones that form the part of the foot to which the toes are attached. Start studying Medical Terminology Chapter 15. tumor that occurs in the bones of the upper arm, legs, pelvis, or rib, and is a form of bone cancer. The medical term for ventral surface of the rear paw, hoof or foot is a. ventral b. dorsal c. palmar d. plantar: ... c. upper jaw d. caudal portion of the sternum: Definition. osteomalacia. common bile duct. 297. chronic disease characterized by muscle weakness, though to be caused by a defect in transmission of impulses from nerves to muscle cells. ... Medical Terminology (Chapter 1) 22 terms. It is a U-shaped bone structure that stretches from one ear, down to the chin area and then back up again to the other ear. occipital bone → exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the outside air and the cells within tissues Definition. Best Answer. tendinitis: Inflammation of tendons; tendonitis. Osteomyelitis is inflammation or swelling that occurs in the bone. Term. Subjective: sensation of numbness in the teeth & … condyle. Created by. Terms in this set (83) Mandible. maxilla. ... Quizlet Live. ∙ 2012-01-01 01:24:00. 15955 NE 85th Street, Suite 104 Redmond, WA 98052 Ph 425-881-3255. Temporal. See anatomic Table of Bones in the Appendices for regional and alphabetical listings of bones, and see color plates 1 and 2. b. cranial portion of the sternum: ... Inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord is known as a. myelitis b. poliomyelitis Ballet dancers can be prone to sesamoid bone inflammation. volvulus. ... Pertaining to the upper jaw bone . Flashcards. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. the case of bone that encloses the brain and supports the jaws of [2] In humans these sensory structures are part of the facial skeleton. The medical term for lying down is a. lateral b. sternal c. recumbent d. surface 9. bones of hand. A congenital opening in the anterior abdominal wall is: Definition. specialty that deals with disorders of connective tissue, including bone and cartilage. By staying clear of jargon, the dictionary offers fast and concise information, whether the user is searching for a description of an over-the-counter or prescription … Previous / MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY joints & ligaments (speedy study guides). thoracic vertebrae Medical Terminology Reference Use this reference to see how common medical terms … The curved, inferior margin of the maxillary bone that forms the upper jaw and contains the upper teeth is the alveolar process of the maxilla (Figure 7.14). In humans, the upper jaw includes the hard palate in the front of the mouth. mandible. The mandible, or lower jaw, is the bone that forms the lower part of the skull, and along with the maxilla (upper jaw), forms the mouth structure. All-on-4 implants are recommended when a patient is looking for a secure solution for many missing teeth. A opening in your jaw-bone in which a tooth is attached. Damage to the jaw. New dentists and staff, however, may not be as familiar – and over time new terms come into use and old terms are revised for clarity. Definition. ribs/costals. Bones of the Arm. Also, your teeth play an important role in talk and make you look good. opening in the bone. The bones that form the bridge of the nose and the roof of the nasal cavity are called the. The maxillary sinus is located on the maxilla (upper jaw bones) in the cheek area (not the arches of the cheek bones). This system is made up of the TMJ, teeth and soft tissue. True False . ... inflammation of bone and bone marrow. A buccal exostosis is the formation of an exostosis (bone mass) on the outer, cheek-facing side of the maxilla (upper jaw) just above the teeth or the cheek-facing side of the mandible (lower jaw). the five bones that form the palms of the hand. tenosynovitis: Inflammation of a tendon and its sheath or covering. Match. It is believed to contribute to the following : Assists with resonance of the voice; Makes the skull lighter in weight Download Download PDF. 3.2 FILL-IN-THE-BLANK Fill in the blanks to complete both the definition and the medical term or terms. Permanent molars are less frequently affected than deciduous molars. Periostitis is a condition that results in inflammation of the band of tissue that surrounds your bones known as the periosteum. Muscle weakness is commonly due to lack of exercise, ageing, muscle injury or pregnancy. The maxillae bear the upper teeth and each contains a cavity called the maxillary antrum or sinus. (in vertebrates) one of a pair of joined bones forming the upper jaw, carrying all teeth except the incisors. The term is loosely used to denote the whole of the upper jaw. You should get medical help right away if you have any of the following: Open wounds where you can see the bone. pubis. Start studying medical term final part 2. metacarpectomy. bone [bōn] 1. the hard, rigid form of connective tissue constituting most of the skeleton of vertebrates, composed chiefly of calcium salts. Quizlet is the easiest way to practice and master what you’re learning. 1-7 attach to sternum (true ribs). maxillary. Diagrams. abnormal condition characterized by a decrease in the density of bones, decreasing their strength and causing fragile bones, which can result in fractures. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. pancreas → a feather-shaped organ located behind the stomach that functions as part of both the digestive and the endocrine systems. gastroschisis. patella (kneecap) phalang/o. Keratitis → inflammation of a nerve or nerves. What vertebrae do the ribs attach to? They are less common on the lower jaw. Spellers of the world, unite! Medical Terminology. The patient should be able to feel the touch of a sterile sharp object on the oral mucosa, jaw, cheek, and forehead. Prolonged numbness may also occur due to inflammation of the nerves. 1. softening of the bone. cancellous bone. Help. Talk to our Chatbot to narrow down your search. The hepatic duct joins with the cystic duct of the gallbladder to form the: Definition. Read Paper. Ribs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish morphometric characteristics of the buccal cortical bone (BCB) thickness of maxillary premolars … Term. The exact function of the sinus cavities are unclear. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY joints & ligaments (speedy study guides). Orbicularis oris. Definition. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The medical term for increase in size of an organ, tissue, or cell is a. atrophy b. hypertrophy c. dystrophy d. hyperplasia 10. mandible. and ethmoid sinuses. Anatomy Either of a pair of bones of the human skull fusing in … They begin to develop in … manubrium. Veneers cannot correct malocclusions (misaligned teeth and/or jaws). ANATOMY/NOMENCLATURE. Mandible: Medical term for the lower jaw, which holds lower teeth in place. Maxilla: Medical term for the upper jaw, which holds upper teeth in place. Primary/deciduous teeth: Description of first set of dentition, which appear at about 6 months of age and consists of 20 teeth. Gravity. The middle ear is the space behind the eardrum. Here is a comprehensive list of common dental terminology and terms you may hear or read as you learn more about oral health. A homologous bone of the skull in other vertebrates. Periostitis is a condition that results in inflammation of the band of tissue that surrounds your bones known as the periosteum. Mobile. ... upper jaw bone. Chapter 8 Med Term. When estrogen levels drop after menopause, loss of bone accelerates. pertaining to the upper jaw. Definition. Bones of the Upper Limbs. lower jaw bone. This condition typically affects people who repetitively: jump. phalangeal. Root Word Combining Form Definition Example A ... coccyx coccyg/o tail bone coccygodynia cochle cochle/o snail cochleotopic coit coit/o coming together coitis coll cull/o glutinous, jelly-like colragenitis ... maxill maxill/o upper jaw maxillotomy meat meat/o passage meatotomy, 1. Your maxillary sinuses are connected to the oral cavity and the upper tooth roots by a 'U' shaped process, called the alveolar. nasal bones. Anatomy Either of a pair of bones of the human skull fusing in the midline and forming the upper jaw. medical Terminology: Language for Health Care. Metatarsals. 12 attached to vertrabae. Here is the terminology of what the teeth in your mouth are called: Bicuspid: A premolar tooth; a tooth with two cusps. Irregular bones are bones that don't really have a set shape, like vertebrae (bones in the spine), maxilla (upper jaw bone), and mandible … After 90 days in the upper jaw and 60 days in the lower jaw, an appropriate prosthesis was made, the primary endpoint of which was prosthetic failure, implant damage, changes in the marginal bone level around the implant (MBLC) and biological complications (peri-implantitis, pus, pain, paresthesia). Long-term chin numbness, called numb chin syndrome, may indicate A lump can appear anywhere in the soft area under the chin and jawline. Alveolar bone: Bone that encompasses the tooth socket and holds the … metacarpals. Definition. Lower jaw bone. Sides of skull behind the frontal bone. The bones of the upper limbs include the bones of the arms, wrists, and hands. Medical term for softening of cartilage. Click a letter to jump to that section.) The upper jaw bone is called the. Medical term for pertaining to a toe bone. 2. ... disease characterized by inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers. 2. any distinct piece of the skeleton of the body. Displaced jaw or nose. upper jaw. There are many other possible causes, which include stroke, multiple sclerosis, depression, fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome (ME). osteoporosis. Term. 46. mastoiditis Inflammation of the mastoid process, which is usually an acute expansion of an infection of the inner ear. Arthritis is a term that describes around 200 conditions that cause pain in the joints and the tissues surrounding the joints. upper jaw. MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY joints & ligaments (speedy study guides). phalanges (finger or toe bones) pub/0. Connection between the temporal bone of the skull and the mandibular bone of the jaw (lower jaw bone). V Veneer. Inflammation and infection of the maxillary sinuses is not an uncommon condition and can be more likely to occur in individuals with underlying conditions such as allergies. Symptoms may include facial pain, congestion, and a runny nose. Dental ankylosis can affect both primary and permanent teeth, may occur at any time during eruption and can lead to submergence. Minerva Stomatol. ... Parietal Bones. Each tooth is anchored into a deep socket called an alveolus. Siéssere S, Hallak regalo SC, Semprini M, et al. las 1. Osteomyelitis. ... an inflammation of bone and bone marrow. Wiki User. maxillae (măk-sĭl′ē) or maxillas. Polymyositis. Medical term for removal of hand bones. bones of hand. True False . Pertaining to loss of muscle development (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-muscles can’t move due to degeneration of nerve cells in brain & spinal cord). Also known as a Class III malocclusion. Key Terms. periosteum. Patients with a weak jawbone, for example those with osteoporosis, may have a high risk of jaw fracture. A veneer can cover up a discolored or broken tooth. Start studying Medical terminology for bones and joints. chronic inflammatory myopathy, believed to be an immune disorder, symmetrical muscle weakness with pain, rash over face, eyes, and limbs. inflammation of the upper jaw bone: meniscectomy: excision of the meniscus: meniscitis: inflammation of the meniscus: myalgia: pain in muscle: myasthenia: muscle weakness: myeloma: tumor of the bone marrow: myorrhaphy: suture of a muscle: myositis: inflammation of muscle: ostectomy: excision of bone: osteitis: inflammation of the bone: osteoarthritis: inflammation of bone and joint An implant-supported bridge costs between $5,000 and $16,000. They are considered the keystone bones of the face because they articulate with all other facial bones except the mandible. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. With your teeth, you can cut, crush, and grind food to prepare it for swallowing and digestion. Located in the face, the orbicularis oris muscle controls movements of the mouth and lips. specialty that deals with disorders of connective tissue, including bone and cartilage. Musculoskeletal System. PLAY. A thin, tooth-colored shell that is glued to the fronts of teeth to improve their appearance. ... inflammation of the maxilla (upper jaw bone) meniscitis. ... of or relating to the upper jaw. Termbaby3413. inflammation of a meniscus resulting in joint pain. rheumatology. 206. Definition. By dymop 13.12.2021. Definition. Nasal bone. Medical Terminology (Chapter 2) 82 terms. The lower jaw is a mobile component of the mouth. The maxilla (plural: maxillae / m æ k ˈ s ɪ l iː /) in vertebrates is the upper fixed (not fixed in Neopterygii) bone of the jaw formed from the fusion of two maxillary bones. Beat your last streak, or best your overall time. chondromalacia. See the definition, listen to the word, then try to spell it correctly. My Jaw Feels Tight and Numb A stroke or TIA can indeed cause facial numbness, tightness or paralysis, including in your jaw area. 1. the Achilles’ tendon = 2. face. rheumatology. Term. Term. Medical Terminology Quiz 1 study guide by Katie_Hogle7 includes 117 questions covering vocabulary, terms and more. Right upper quadrant (RUQ) / Left upper quadrant (LUQ) / right lower quadrant (RLQ) / left lower quadrant (LLQ) Anatomic Position – standard reference position for the body in study of anatomy; body erect facing observer, palms of hands forward … Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The maxillary bones form the upper jaw and parts of the hard palate, orbits, and nasal cavity walls. Sensation. Chapter 8 Med Term. inflammation of the bone. Learn. Nerve damage is usually temporary and heals in 3 to 6 months although it may rarely cause permanent numbness in the lower chin and lip. Jaw-disease & Necrosis-of-the-jaw Symptom Checker: Possible causes include Necrosis of the Jaw. osteitis. Term. concerns diagnosis and treatment of disease or injury with the use of physical agents, such as exercise, heat, massage, and light. Functions of the Paranasal Sinuses. Cram.com makes it easy to get the grade you want! Spell. ... pertaining to the joint between the temporal bone and the lower jaw. Irregular bones are bones that don't really have a set shape, like vertebrae (bones in the spine), maxilla (upper jaw bone), and mandible (lower jaw bone). upper jaw bone. alpha-fetoprotein--high levels in amniotic fluid of fetus or maternal serum indicate increased risk of neurologic birth defects in the infant. myeloma. The two what bones Compose of the upper jaw Maxillary 24 The single what bone makes up the lower jaw Mandible 25 ... What is an inflammation of any one or more of the paranasal sinuses Sinusitis 30 12) … Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Blurred or double vision, or problems moving your eyes. rheumatologist. cranium. mandibular Pertaining to the mandible, or lower jaw bone. humeral. Definition. Called also os. thinner than average bone density in a young person (oste/o means bone, and … 7) Occipital, sphenoid, frontal, temporal, and ethmoid are all bones of the. the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum. 2019;58(5):209-15. Start studying Med Terms Chapter 6 Focused Words. It can also occur with long-term conditions such as diabetes or heart disease. The lower jaw bone is called the. vertebral column. Pathophysiology. The lower front teeth or jaw sit ahead of the upper front teeth or jaw. Jul 20, 2014 - The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) or jaw joint is a bi-arthroidal hinge joint that allows the complex movements necessary for life. zoe_henson23. tendon: A type of connective tissue that binds muscles to bones. frontal bone. ... medical specialty focusing on the study, diagnosis, and treatment of joint conditions. metacarpus. Study Flashcards On Medical Terminology Chapters 15-18, Quiz 4 at Cram.com. mandible. metacarpal bones. subpatellar. Definition. maxillary. Term. trabecular bone or spongy bone, is much more porous and less dense. 3. a woman's reproductive history: 2 full-term infants, 0 preterm, 1 abortion, 2 living children. The maxillae form the upper jaw and meet each other at a median intermaxillary suture. Damage to nerves on the lateral (side) columns of the spinal cord and lower region of brain, leading to progressive muscular paralysis. Understand the terms you need to know in order to get your oral health the best it can be. myeloma (malignant) tumor in the bone marrow. Metacarpals. ... inflammation of the bone and bone marrow. On the anterior maxilla, just below the orbit, is the infraorbital foramen. Clin Anat. Humerus. STUDY. 2009;58(5):209-15.. Marcuzzo AV, Šuran-brunelli AN, Dal cin E, et al. physiatry or physical medicine. A Dental Assistant will need to know that the adult has 32 teeth in their mouth, 16 in the maxilla and 16 in the mandible. strong, fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the surface of long bones. Increased symmetrical closure rate reflects an upper motor neuron lesion in the same way that hyperactivity of other muscle stretch reflexes suggests an upper motor neuron lesion. Estrogen is important in maintaining bone density in women. Adventitious sounds of the jaw (e.g., clicking, popping, grating, crepitus) may occur with TMD, but also occur in up to 50% of asymptomatic patients.1 A large … Varying numbers of teeth may be affected. Term. Ch. Medical terms may begin with a prefix. It can result from an infection somewhere else in the body that has spread to the bone, or it can start in the bone — often as a result of an injury. A B; Abdomin/O: Abdomen: acetabul/o: acetabulum (hip socket) Acr/O: Extremities, Top, Extreme Point: Acu/O: Sharp, Severe, Sudden: Aden/O: Gland: adenoid/o: Adenoids The periodontal ligament is obliterated by a 'bony bridge' and the tooth root is fused to the alveolar bone. n. pl. Download Download PDF. peak incidence is between ages 10 and 20 years. Nomin Gansu. Medical Terminology Chapter 14. Many terms are familiar, especially to experienced individuals. 47. maxillary Pertaining to the jaw or jawbone; maxillary bone, upper jaw bone. Term. Dental caries or trauma cause chronic inflammation which eventually forms a periapical inflammation; continued inflammation stimulates cells of the rests of Malassez, the epithelial cells undergo necrosis to form the cyst which may be sterile or become secondarily infected. ... chronic inflammation of bones and joints due to degererative changes in cartilage. ... inflammation of the bone and its articular cartilage. Infection. Osteopenia (oss-tee-oh-PEE-nee-ah) Definition. It is joined to the upper part of the head around the ear region by two jaw joints called ‘temporomandibular joints’ or TMJ. lower jaw bone. The first set is known as baby, milk, primary, or deciduous teeth. Anatomical variations of the mandibular nerve and its branches correlated to clinical situations. The TMJ is the joint between condylar head of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone. ... (upper jaw bone) patell/o. See Answer. Humerus – the bone in upper arm; Radius – the bone that runs thumb-side of the forearm; Ulna – the bone that runs on the side of the … 16 Full PDFs related to this paper. An organ in the epigastric region that produces enzymes for the digestion of carbohydrate, proteins, and lipids is the: alpha-fetoprotein--high levels in amniotic fluid of fetus or maternal serum indicate increased risk of neurologic birth defects in the infant. maxillary. bone of foot. Quizlet Learn. 5) Knuckle-like process at the end of a bone is called a. condyle. forms the back and … Apex: The very bottom of the root of your tooth: Buccal: The tooth surface which is next to your cheeks. bone of the upper arm: radius: smaller shorter bone in the forearm,runs up the thumb side of the forearm: ulna: larger,longer bone of the forearm: olecranon process: aka funny bone, is a large projection on the upper end of the ulna: carpals: bones that form the wrist: … 8-10 attach to cartilage of the sternum (false ribs) 11-12 are floating. Trouble swallowing or breathing. Osteomyelitis is more common in younger children (five and under) but can happen at any age. Check the full list of possible causes and conditions now! Either of two laterally moving appendages situated behind the mandibles in insects and most other arthropods. zygomatic. Bony Tori are an excess growth of bone. This Paper. You have one joint on each side of your jaw. TMJ disorders — a type of temporomandibular disorder or TMD — can cause pain in your jaw joint and in the muscles that control jaw movement. The exact cause of a person's TMJ disorder is often difficult to determine. concerns diagnosis and treatment of disease or injury with the use of physical agents, … This is a … The most common form of arthritis is … View this page for a variety of dental terms from Aspen Dental. A short summary of this paper. Glossary – Administrative terms (Words and terms in bold are defined within this glossary. Medical Dictionary is intended for use by healthcare consumers, students, and professionals as well as anyone who wants to keep up with the burgeoning array of terminology found in today’s medical news. Flashcards. metatarsus. There are 2 parietal bones, and each bone is roughly quadrilateral in shape. compact bone. 6) Mandible, vomer, maxilla, and zygomatic are all bones of the. Medical Terminology Chapters 5 & 6 Chapter 5 Abdominal quadrants – four divisions of the abdomen used to pinpoint pain or injury. upper jaw bone. 3. This condition typically affects people who repetitively: jump. physiatry or physical medicine. Help Center. Beside above, what diagnosis is also known as a Rule Out? Copy. Study now. ... upper jaw bone. Surgical anatomy of the marginal mandibular nerve: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Usually only posterior teeth touch your cheeks, so people usually use the term “buccal” only when talking about your back teeth. The ear drum is a transparent gray membrane. Besides primary ear pathologies, problems with a tooth or your jaw joint may cause sharp or nagging ear pain. The medical term for the caudal surface of the rear paw, hoof, or foot is a. ventral b. dorsal c. palmar d. plantar 11. 15 Flashcards Quizlet. All-on-4 Dental Implants. cheek bone. a type of cancer that occurs in … diaphysis. muscle weakness. Bloody or clear fluid discharge from your nose. It is defined as a … tenorrhaphy: Suture of a tendon. Term. Tooth Anatomy: Structure & Function. Medical Terminology Ch 12: Musculoskeletal System Flashcards Preview ... Loading flashcards... 1 arthritis inflammation of the joint, usually accompanied by pain, swelling, and stiffness 2 arthr joint 3 -itis inflammation 4 arthroplasty ... maxilla/ upper jaw 17 crani/o cranium/skull 18 humer/o humerus 19 stern/o sternum 20 clavicul/o clavicle 21 layer of hard, dense bone that lies under the periosteum. Quickly memorize the terms, phrases and much more. Connected to the parietal bone and the base of the skull. Definition. ... thin tube called the Eustachian tube Otitis media is a generic term that refers to an inflammation of the middle ear. Wiki User. Besides bones, the … The facial skeleton is made up of 14 bones : A). The bone that forms the forehead and top of the cranium is called the. What is the medical term meaning upper arm bone? This solution restores your entire upper or lower jaw (or both arches). There are two sets of teeth. Sign up. Subjective: pressure behind the upper jaw on the side being injected; this usually subsides rapidly, progressing to tingling & numbness of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, & upper lip 2. ... inflammation of bone and bone marrow. death of bone tissue. Upper and lower jaw that don't meet properly, or pain when you move your jaw. Medical term for the lower jaw, which holds lower teeth in place. Health (7 days ago) Medical term for pertaining to the upper arm bone. Part of the mouth - Dental anatomy < /a > rheumatology the very bottom of the.... Than deciduous molars vocabulary flashcards < /a > rheumatology and forming the upper jaw bone more with flashcards games. Previous / Medical Terminology joints & ligaments ( speedy study guides ) of possible causes, which lower! Bone is called the maxillary antrum or sinus Ph 425-881-3255 bold are defined within this glossary best!, frontal, temporal, and zygomatic are all bones of the cavity! Impulses from nerves to muscle cells a person 's TMJ disorder is often difficult to determine is. Practice and master what you ’ re learning roughly quadrilateral in shape are defined this! Including bone and its branches correlated to clinical situations spongy bone, jaw., Dal cin E, et al to which the toes are attached media is a term... Beside above, what diagnosis is also known as a Rule Out up a discolored or broken.. Called the Eustachian tube Otitis media is a generic term that refers to an inflammation of the and... Located behind the eardrum regional and alphabetical listings of bones, and are... To know in order to get the grade you want ) tumor in the infant: Language for Care!:209-15.. Marcuzzo AV, Šuran-brunelli an, Dal cin E, al! As diabetes or heart disease inflammation of the upper jaw includes the hard,... Part 2 the first set of dentition, which appear at about 6 months of age and consists 20! Forehead and top of the hand anatomy of the 2009 ; 58 ( 5 ):209-15 Marcuzzo! Your last streak, or lower jaw ( or both arches ) or your jaw may. 10 and 20 years months of age and consists of 20 teeth have one joint on each side of jaw... In the Appendices for regional and alphabetical listings of bones in the infant, your teeth play an important in. They articulate with all other facial bones except the mandible, vomer, maxilla just... For health Care the nerves cavities are unclear for example those with osteoporosis, may occur at any.! | Quizlet < /a > Start studying Medical term for the lower jaw ( or both arches.! The ribs? < /a > Medical Terminology ( Chapter 1 ) 22.. Can not correct malocclusions ( misaligned teeth and/or jaws ) to that section. ( upper,... 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